This paper concerns static-analysis algorithms for analyzing x86 executables. The aim of the work is to recover intermediate representations that are similar to those that can be created for a program written in a high-level language. Our goal is to perform this task for programs such as plugins, mobile code, worms, and virus-infected code. For such programs, symbol-table and debugging information is either entirely absent, or cannot be relied upon if present; hence, the technique described in the paper makes no use of symboltable/debugging information. Instead, an analysis is carried out to recover information about the contents of memory locations and how they are manipulated by the executable. 							
						
							
					 															
					Gogul Balakrishnan, Thomas W. Reps