Symbiosis, the collaboration of multiple organisms from different species, is common in nature. A related phenomenon, symbiogenesis, the creation of new species through the genetic...
The high frequency of applications involving large, ordered, nested lists suggests that list is the "next most" natural data type after set. A list differs from a set th...
Abstract. Documents written in languages other than English sometimes include parenthetical English translations, usually for technical and scientic terminology. Techniques had be...
The bi-objective ring star problem aims to locate a cycle through a subset of nodes of a graph while optimizing two types of cost. The first criterion is to minimize a ring cost, r...
Language learning is a relatively new application for natural language processing (NLP) and for intelligent tutoring and learning environments (ITLEs). NLP has a crucial role to p...